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Caving Information Series

 Orthostatic Hypotension & Syncope
 Vasodepressor (Vasovagal) Syncope (common faint)

Background: Harrison's  Principles  of  Internal  Medicine,  14th  Edition.
If you have questions, or would like more information about this article, please email,
Peter Ferguson

ORTHOSTATIC  HYPOTENSION  &  SYNCOPE

Occurs  in  persons  (otherwise  healthy) who  have  a  chronic  defect  in, or  variable  instability  of,  vasomotor  reflexes. The  fall  in  blood  pressure  on  assumption  of  upright  posture  is  due  to  loss  of  vasoconstriction  reflexes  in  resistance  and  capacitance  vessels  of  the  lower  extremities (= pooling  of  blood in  lower  extremities). The  effect  of  posture  is  critical. In  such  individuals,  fainting  may  occur  when  they  are  tilted  on  the  table;  under  such  circumstances,  the  blood  pressure  at  first  diminishes  slightly  and  then  stabilizes  at  lower  level. Shortly  thereafter,  the compensatory  mechanisms  fail  suddenly  and  the blood   pressure  falls  precipitously.

VASODEPRESSOR  (VASOVAGAL)  SYNCOPE   (common  faint)

Frequently  recurrent  and  commonly  precipitated  by  emotional  stress,  fear,  extreme  fatigue,  injury  or  pain;  many  episodes  occur without  antecedent  cause. In  the  classic  form  it  comprises  constellation  of  symptoms  including:
Hypotension  (low  blood  pressure)
Bradycardia  (slow  heart  rate)
Nausea
Pallor
Diaphoresis  (=profuse  sweating)

Syncope  typically  occurs  in  the  setting  of  diminished  venous  return  (=return  of  blood  to  the  heart)  causing  reduced  stroke  volume  and activation  of  autonomic  nervous system (initially  sympathetic,  then  parasympathetic  activity) The  net  result:  inappropriate  peripheral  vasodilatation (=pooling  blood  in  periphery)  and  bradycardia  leading  to  progressively  low  blood  pressure and  syncope. Syncope  of  this  type  can  be  reversed  by  assumption  of  supine  posture  and  elevation  of  the  legs. However,  syncope  of  this type  can  be  provoked  by  prolonged  upright  tilt  testing  at  50 - 80  degrees.

This  small  Danish  Study  confirms  the  well  known  fact  that  prolonged  upright  posture  with  lack  of  support  for  the  legs  dramatically  increases  the  risk  of  pre-syncopal / syncopal  episodes  due  to  reduced  central  blood  volume  (confirmed  with  measurement  of  controlled  parameters).  It  is due  to  pooling  of  the  blood  in  the  periphery.

These  episodes  have  occurred  in  87%  of  examined  subjects  within  1  hr. (20%  of  them  fainted  within  10  minutes  only).

In  contrast,  suspension  with  elevated  legs  using  a  double  strop  system  was  associated  with  pre-syncopal  episodes  in  only  11% ,  as deviation  in  central  blood  volume  was  avoided  (confirmed  with  measurements  of  controlled  parameters). However,  even  in  this  position  (with legs  elevated),  a  critical  reduction  of  the  central  blood  volume  may be  experienced  leading to  syncope  and  even  death  if  not  acted  upon  in prompt  fashion.

Certainly,  more  serious  effects  of  the  upright  posture  will  be  observed  in  vasodepressor  prone  patients!

Although  it  is  a  small  study,  the  results  seem  to  be  statistically  significant. As  the  studied  population  was  chosen  at  random,  whether  examined  subjects  were  among  vasodepressor  prone  group  remains  unknown

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