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Orthostatic Hypotension & Syncope Vasodepressor (Vasovagal) Syncope (common faint) Background: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 14th Edition.
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Peter Ferguson
ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION & SYNCOPE Occurs in persons (otherwise healthy) who have a chronic defect in,
or variable instability of, vasomotor reflexes. The fall in blood pressure on assumption of upright posture is due
to loss of vasoconstriction reflexes in resistance and capacitance vessels of the lower extremities (= pooling of blood in
lower extremities). The effect of posture is critical. In such individuals, fainting may occur when they are tilted
on the table; under such circumstances, the blood pressure at first diminishes slightly and then stabilizes at
lower level. Shortly thereafter, the compensatory mechanisms fail suddenly and the blood pressure falls precipitously. VASODEPRESSOR (VASOVAGAL) SYNCOPE (common faint) Frequently recurrent and commonly precipitated by
emotional stress, fear, extreme fatigue, injury or pain; many episodes occur without antecedent cause. In the classic form
it comprises constellation of symptoms including: Hypotension (low blood pressure) Bradycardia (slow heart rate) Nausea Pallor
Diaphoresis (=profuse sweating)
Syncope typically occurs in the setting of diminished venous return (=return of blood
to the heart) causing reduced stroke volume and activation of autonomic nervous system (initially sympathetic, then parasympathetic
activity) The net result: inappropriate peripheral vasodilatation (=pooling blood in periphery) and bradycardia leading to
progressively low blood pressure and syncope. Syncope of this type can be reversed by assumption of supine posture
and elevation of the legs. However, syncope of this type can be provoked by prolonged upright tilt testing at 50 -
80 degrees. This small Danish Study confirms the well known fact that prolonged upright posture with lack of
support for the legs dramatically increases the risk of pre-syncopal / syncopal episodes due to reduced central blood
volume (confirmed with measurement of controlled parameters). It is due to pooling of the blood in the periphery.
These episodes have occurred in 87% of examined subjects within 1 hr. (20% of them fainted within 10 minutes
only). In contrast, suspension with elevated legs using a double strop system was associated with pre-syncopal episodes
in only 11% , as deviation in central blood volume was avoided (confirmed with measurements of controlled parameters).
However, even in this position (with legs elevated), a critical reduction of the central blood volume may be
experienced leading to syncope and even death if not acted upon in prompt fashion. Certainly, more serious effects of
the upright posture will be observed in vasodepressor prone patients! Although it is a small study, the results
seem to be statistically significant. As the studied population was chosen at random, whether examined subjects were
among vasodepressor prone group remains unknown |
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